Wet Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals May Be More Common For Spaceborne Gravitational Wave Detection

TL;DR

This paper proposes that wet EMRIs, formed via accretion disk interactions around galactic black holes, could be more common and detectable than dry EMRIs in spaceborne gravitational wave observations.

Contribution

It introduces an alternative formation channel for EMRIs involving accretion disks, significantly increasing predicted EMRI detection rates.

Findings

Wet EMRIs could dominate detectable EMRIs in spaceborne detectors.

Accretion-assisted formation boosts EMRI rates by orders of magnitude.

Active galactic nuclei are key environments for wet EMRI formation.

Abstract

Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs) can be classified as dry EMRIs and wet EMRIs based on their formation mechanisms. Dry (or the "loss-cone") EMRIs, previously considered as the main EMRI sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, are primarily produced by multi-body scattering in the nuclear star cluster and gravitational capture. In this work, we highlight an alternative EMRI formation channel: (wet) EMRI formation assisted by the accretion flow around accreting galactic-center massive black holes (MBHs). In this channel, the accretion disk captures stellar-mass black holes that are intially moving on inclined orbits, and subsequently drives them to migrate towards the MBH - this process boosts the formation rate of EMRIs in such galaxies by orders of magnitude. Taking into account the fraction ($\mathcal O(10^{-2}-10^{-1})$) of active galactic nuclei where the MBHs are expected to be rapidly accreting, we forecast that wet EMRIs will contribute an important or even dominant fraction of all detectable EMRIs by spaceborne gravitational wave detectors.