Efficient Replication via Timestamp Stability (Extended Version)

TL;DR

Tempo is a leaderless state-machine replication protocol that uses decentralized timestamping and stability detection to achieve high throughput, predictable performance, and scalability in geo-distributed web applications.

Contribution

The paper introduces Tempo, a novel leaderless SMR protocol with decentralized timestamping and stability detection, improving throughput and scalability over existing solutions.

Findings

Tempo outperforms state-of-the-art SMR protocols in throughput.

Tempo maintains predictable performance in contended workloads.

Tempo is effective in both real and simulated geo-distributed environments.

Abstract

Modern web applications replicate their data across the globe and require strong consistency guarantees for their most critical data. These guarantees are usually provided via state-machine replication (SMR). Recent advances in SMR have focused on leaderless protocols, which improve the availability and performance of traditional Paxos-based solutions. We propose Tempo - a leaderless SMR protocol that, in comparison to prior solutions, achieves superior throughput and offers predictable performance even in contended workloads. To achieve these benefits, Tempo timestamps each application command and executes it only after the timestamp becomes stable, i.e., all commands with a lower timestamp are known. Both the timestamping and stability detection mechanisms are fully decentralized, thus obviating the need for a leader replica. Our protocol furthermore generalizes to partial replication settings, enabling scalability in highly parallel workloads. We evaluate the protocol in both real and simulated geo-distributed environments and demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives.