Unitarization Through Approximate Basis

TL;DR

This paper introduces an approximate method for unitarization of quantum circuits by constructing an orthonormal basis for given quantum states, enabling the transformation of non-orthogonal states into a unitary operation.

Contribution

It presents a polynomial-time quantum algorithm to approximately orthogonalize quantum states using oracle access, extending the Gram-Schmidt process to quantum states.

Findings

Efficient polynomial-time quantum algorithm for approximate basis construction.

Applicable to a logarithmic number of states with high probability.

Provides a quantum analogue of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization.

Abstract

We introduce the problem of unitarization. Unitarization is the problem of taking $k$ input quantum circuits that produce orthogonal states from the all $0$ state, and create an output circuit implementing a unitary with its first $k$ columns as those states. That is, the output circuit takes the $k$th computational basis state to the state prepared by the $k$th input circuit. We allow the output circuit to use ancilla qubits initialized to $0$. But ancilla qubits must always be returned to $0$ for any input. The input circuits may use ancilla qubits, but we are only guaranteed the they return ancilla qubits to $0$ on the all $0$ input. The unitarization problem seems hard if the output states are neither orthogonal to or in the span of the computational basis states that need to map to them. In this work, we approximately solve this problem in the case where input circuits are given as black box oracles by probably finding an approximate basis for our states. This method may be more interesting than the application. This technique is a sort of quantum analogue of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization for quantum states. Specifically, we find an approximate basis in polynomial time for the following parameters. Take any natural $n$, $k = O\left(\frac{\ln(n)}{\ln(\ln(n))}\right)$, and $\epsilon = 2^{-O(\sqrt{\ln(n)})}$. Take any $k$ input quantum states, $(|\psi_i \rangle)_{i\in [k]}$, on polynomial in $n$ qubits prepared by quantum oracles, $(V_i)_{i \in [k]}$ (that we can control call and control invert). Then there is a quantum circuit with polynomial size in $n$ with access to the oracles $(V_i)_{i \in [k]}$ that with at least $1 - \epsilon$ probability, computes at most $k$ circuits with size polynomial in $n$ and oracle access to $(V_i)_{i \in [k]}$ that $\epsilon$ approximately computes an $\epsilon$ approximate orthonormal basis for $(|\psi_i \rangle)_{i\in [k]}$.