Evolution of the spin of late-type galaxies caused by galaxy-galaxy interactions

TL;DR

This study uses simulations to show that galaxy-galaxy interactions, especially prograde encounters, tend to decrease the spin of late-type galaxies, significantly impacting their angular momentum evolution.

Contribution

It provides detailed simulation-based insights into how galaxy interactions influence the spin evolution of late-type galaxies, highlighting the effects of prograde versus retrograde encounters.

Findings

Prograde collisions reduce galaxy spin by 15-20%.

Retrograde collisions have minimal impact on spin.

Tidal disruption mainly causes spin loss.

Abstract

We use N-body/hydrodynamic simulations to study the evolution of the spin of a Milky Way-like galaxy through interactions. We perform a controlled experiment of co-planner galaxy-galaxy encounters and study the evolution of disk spins of interacting galaxies. Specifically, we consider the cases where the late-type target galaxy encounters an equally massive companion galaxy, which has either a late or an early-type morphology, with the closest approach distance of about 50 kpc, in prograde or retrograde sense. By examining the time change of the circular velocity of the disk material of the target galaxy from each case, we find that the target galaxy tends to lose the spin through prograde collisions but hardly through retrograde collisions, regardless of the companion galaxy type. The decrease of the spin results mainly from the deflection of the orbit of the disk material by tidal disruption. Although there is some disk material which gains the circular velocity through hydrodynamic as well as gravitational interactions or by transferring material from the companion galaxy, it turns out that the amount of the material is generally insufficient to increase the overall galactic spin under the conditions we set. It is found that the spin angular momentum of the target galaxy disk decreases by 15 - 20% after a prograde collision. We conclude that the accumulated effects of galaxy-galaxy interactions will play an important role in determining the total angular momentum of late-type galaxies at current stage.