Two c's in a pod: Cosmology independent measurement of the Type Ia supernova colour-luminosity relation with a sibling pair

TL;DR

This study uses a pair of sibling Type Ia supernovae in the same galaxy to measure the colour-luminosity relation independently of cosmological assumptions, providing insights into dust effects and standardization parameters.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method using sibling supernovae to independently determine the SALT2 colour standardization parameter, reducing systematic uncertainties in SN Ia cosmology.

Findings

Measured the SALT2 colour parameter β = 3.5 ± 0.3 independently of cosmology.

Found the colour excess consistent with dust attenuation, differing from Milky Way extinction ratios.

Demonstrated sibling supernovae can probe colour corrections and dust effects in cosmological analyses.

Abstract

Using Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) observations, we identify a pair of "sibling" Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), i.e., hosted by the same galaxy at z = 0.0541. They exploded within 200 days from each other at a separation of $0.6^{"} $ corresponding to a projected distance of only 0.6 kpc. Performing SALT2 light curve fits to the gri ZTF photometry, we show that for these equally distant "standardizable candles", there is a difference of 2 magnitudes in their rest frame B-band peaks, and the fainter SN has a significantly red SALT2 colour $c = 0.57 \pm$ 0.04, while the stretch values $x_1$ of the two SNe are similar, suggesting that the fainter SN is attenuated by dust in the interstellar medium of the host galaxy. We use these measurements to infer the SALT2 colour standardization parameter, $\beta$ = 3.5 $\pm$ 0.3, independent of the underlying cosmology and Malmquist bias. Assuming the colour excess is entirely due to dust, the result differs by $2\sigma$ from the average Milky-Way total-to-selective extinction ratio, but is in good agreement with the colour-brightness corrections empirically derived from the most recent SN Ia Hubble-Lemaitre diagram fits. Thus we suggest that SN "siblings", which will increasingly be discovered in the coming years, can be used to probe the validity of the colour and lightcurve shape corrections using in SN Ia cosmology while avoiding important systematic effects in their inference from global multi-parameter fits to inhomogeneous data-sets, and also help constrain the role of interstellar dust in SN Ia cosmology.