Loop decay in Abelian-Higgs string networks

TL;DR

This study investigates the decay behavior of cosmic string loops in the Abelian-Higgs model, revealing rapid decay for typical loops and highlighting the non-linear mechanisms that dominate their lifetime, which challenges the applicability of the Nambu-Goto approximation.

Contribution

It introduces a new method to construct non-self intersecting loops and compares their decay with standard loops, providing insights into the non-linear decay mechanisms of cosmic string loops.

Findings

Loop lifetime proportional to initial length for typical loops

Oscillating non-self intersecting loops have lifetime scaling as length squared

Less than 10% of large network loops survive long enough to radiate gravitational waves

Abstract

We study the decay of cosmic string loops in the Abelian-Higgs model. We confirm earlier results that loops formed by intersections of infinite strings formed from random-field initial conditions disappear quickly, with lifetime proportional to their initial rest-frame length $\ell_\text{init}$. We study a population with $\ell_\text{init}$ up to $6000$ inverse mass units, and measure the proportionality constant to be $0.14\pm0.04$, independently of the initial lengths. We propose a new method to construct oscillating non-self intersecting loops from initially stationary strings, and show that by contrast these loops have lifetimes scaling approximately as $\ell_\text{init}^2$, in line with previous works on artificially created string configurations. We show that the oscillating strings have mean-square velocity $\bar{v}^2 \simeq 0.500 \pm 0.004$, consistent with the Nambu-Goto value of $1/2$, while the network loops have $\bar{v}^2 \simeq 0.40 \pm 0.04$. We argue that whatever the mechanism behind the network loop decay is, it is non-linear, can only be suppressed by careful tuning of initial conditions, and is much stronger than gravitational radiation. An implication is that one cannot use the Nambu-Goto model to derive robust constraints on the tension of field theory strings. We advocate parametrising the uncertainty as the fraction $f_\text{NG}$ of Nambu-Goto-like loops surviving to radiate gravitationally. None of the 31 large network loops created survived longer than 0.25 of their initial length, so one can estimate that $f_\text{NG}<0.1$ at $95$% confidence level. If the recently reported NANOgrav signal is due to cosmic strings, $f_\text{NG}$ must be greater than $10^{-3}$ in order not to violate bounds from the Cosmic Microwave Background.