Nondestructive detection of photonic qubits

TL;DR

This paper presents a nondestructive photonic qubit detector using a single atom in optical resonators, achieving high efficiency and fidelity, which enhances quantum communication and measurement protocols.

Contribution

The authors demonstrate a novel nondestructive photonic qubit detector with high efficiency and fidelity, enabling advanced quantum information applications.

Findings

Nondestructive detection efficiency of 79%

Photon survival probability of 31%

Qubit fidelity of 96.2%

Abstract

One of the biggest challenges in experimental quantum information is to keep the fragile superposition state of a qubit alive. Long lifetimes can be achieved for material qubit carriers as memories, at least in principle, but not for propagating photons that are rapidly lost by absorption, diffraction or scattering. The loss problem can be mitigated with a nondestructive photonic qubit detector that heralds the photon without destroying the encoded qubit. Such detector is envisioned to facilitate protocols where distributed tasks depend on the successful dissemination of photonic qubits, to improve loss-sensitive qubit measurements, and to enable certain quantum key distribution attacks. Here we demonstrate such a detector based on a single atom in two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, one for qubit-insensitive atom-photon coupling, the other for atomic-state detection. We achieve a nondestructive detection efficiency upon qubit survival of $(79\pm3)\,\%$, a photon survival probability of $(31\pm1)\,\%$, and preserve the qubit information with a fidelity of $(96.2\pm0.3)\,\%$. To illustrate the potential of our detector we show that it can provide, already with current parameters, an advantage for long-distance entanglement and quantum-state distribution, resource optimization via qubit amplification, and detection-loophole-free Bell tests.