Role of Suprathermal Runaway Electrons Returning to the Acceleration Region in Solar Flares

TL;DR

This paper presents a self-consistent model of return currents in solar flares that includes suprathermal runaway electrons, revealing their significant role in electron acceleration and coronal heating.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model accounting for suprathermal runaway electrons in return current dynamics during solar flares, improving upon previous models.

Findings

Runaway electrons can constitute up to tens of percent of return current flux.

Suprathermal electrons can gain energies up to 10-35 keV.

Coronal heating rates are reduced by an order of magnitude when including runaway electrons.

Abstract

During solar flares, a large flux of energetic electrons propagate from the tops of reconnecting magnetic flux tubes toward the lower atmosphere. Over the course of the electrons' transport, a co-spatial counter-streaming return current is induced, thereby balancing the current density. In response to the return current electric field, a fraction of the ambient electrons will be accelerated into the runaway regime. However, models describing the accelerated electron beam/return-current system have generally failed to take these suprathermal runaway electrons into account self-consistently. We develop a model in which an accelerated electron beam drives a steady-state, sub-Dreicer co-spatial return-current electric field, which locally balances the direct beam current and freely accelerates a fraction of background (return-current) electrons. The model is self-consistent, i.e., the electric field induced by the co-evolution of the direct beam and the runaway current is considered. We find that (1) the return current electric field can return a significant number of suprathermal electrons to the acceleration region, where they can be further accelerated to higher energies, runaway electrons can be a few tens of percent of the return current flux returning to the nonthermal beam's acceleration region, (2) the energy gain of the suprathermal electrons can be up to $10-35$\,keV, (3) the heating rate in the corona can be reduced by an order of magnitude in comparison to models which neglect the runaway component. The results depend on the injected beam flux density, the temperature and density of the background plasma.