A model-independent test of the evolution of gas depletion factor for SPT-SZ and Planck ESZ clusters

TL;DR

This study investigates the redshift evolution of the gas depletion factor in galaxy clusters using model-independent methods and finds contradictory trends between two major cluster samples, highlighting the complexity of cluster physics.

Contribution

It introduces a model-independent, non-parametric approach to test the evolution of the gas depletion factor using Gaussian Process regression and compares two large cluster datasets.

Findings

Contradictory redshift trends found in SPT-SZ and Planck ESZ cluster samples.

Agreement within 1σ for a subset of clusters across both samples.

Mass dependence reduces the discrepancy between the samples.

Abstract

The gas mass fraction in galaxy clusters has been widely used to determine cosmological parameters. This method assumes that the ratio of the cluster gas mass fraction to the cosmic baryon fraction ($\gamma(z)$) is constant as a function of redshift. In this work, we look for a time evolution of $\gamma(z)$ at $R_{500}$ by using both the SPT-SZ and Planck Early SZ (ESZ) cluster data, in a model-independent fashion without any explicit dependence on the underlying cosmology. For this calculation, we use a non-parametric functional form for the Hubble parameter obtained from Gaussian Process regression using cosmic chronometers. We parameterize $\gamma(z)$ as: $\gamma(z)= \gamma_0(1+\gamma_1 z)$ to constrain the redshift evolution. We find contradictory results between both the samples. For SPT-SZ, $\gamma (z)$ decreases as a function of redshift (at more than 5$\sigma$), whereas a positive trend with redshift is found for Planck ESZ data (at more than 4$\sigma$). We however find that the $\gamma_1$ values for a subset of SPT-SZ and Planck ESZ clusters between the same redshift interval agree to within $1\sigma$. When we allow for a dependence on the halo mass in the evolution of the gas depletion factor, the $4-5\sigma$ discrepancy reduces to $2\sigma$.