Depth of shower maximum and mass composition of cosmic rays from 50 PeV to 2 EeV measured with the LOFAR radio telescope

TL;DR

This study uses LOFAR radio measurements to analyze the mass composition of cosmic rays between 50 PeV and 2 EeV, revealing a significant light-mass component and confirming earlier findings with improved systematic uncertainties.

Contribution

It introduces an improved radio-based method for inferring $X_{max}$ and estimates cosmic ray composition across a broad energy range, comparing results with multiple hadronic interaction models.

Findings

Significant light-mass fraction (23-39% protons and helium) in cosmic rays.

Dominance of intermediate-mass nuclei in composition.

Results consistent with earlier LOFAR findings and comparable to Pierre Auger Observatory within uncertainties.

Abstract

We present an updated cosmic-ray mass composition analysis in the energy range $10^{16.8}$ to $10^{18.3}$ eV from 334 air showers measured with the LOFAR radio telescope, and selected for minimal bias. In this energy range, the origin of cosmic rays is expected to shift from galactic to extragalactic sources. The analysis is based on an improved method to infer the depth of maximum $X_{\rm max}$ of extensive air showers from radio measurements and air shower simulations. We show results of the average and standard deviation of $X_{\rm max}$ versus primary energy, and analyze the $X_{\rm max}$-dataset at distribution level to estimate the cosmic ray mass composition. Our approach uses an unbinned maximum likelihood analysis, making use of existing parametrizations of $X_{\rm max}$-distributions per element. The analysis has been repeated for three main models of hadronic interactions. Results are consistent with a significant light-mass fraction, at best fit $23$ to $39$ $\%$ protons plus helium, depending on the choice of hadronic interaction model. The fraction of intermediate-mass nuclei dominates. This confirms earlier results from LOFAR, with systematic uncertainties on $X_{\rm max}$ now lowered to 7 to $9$ $\mathrm{g/cm^2}$. We find agreement in mass composition compared to results from Pierre Auger Observatory, within statistical and systematic uncertainties. However, in line with earlier LOFAR results, we find a slightly lower average $X_{\rm max}$. The values are in tension with those found at Pierre Auger Observatory, but agree with results from other cosmic ray observatories based in the Northern hemisphere.