A mathematical analysis of the Kakinuma model for interfacial gravity waves. Part I: Structures and well-posedness

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the Kakinuma model for interfacial gravity waves, demonstrating its well-posedness, stability, and Hamiltonian structure, and showing it closely approximates the full model in shallow water conditions.

Contribution

The paper provides a rigorous mathematical analysis of the Kakinuma model, establishing its stability, well-posedness, and structural properties, which were previously unverified.

Findings

Kakinuma model's dispersion relation closely matches the full model in shallow water.

The initial value problem is well-posed under certain stability and non-cavitation conditions.

The model possesses a Hamiltonian structure with conserved quantities.

Abstract

We consider a model, which we named the Kakinuma model, for interfacial gravity waves. As is well-known, the full model for interfacial gravity waves has a variational structure whose Lagrangian is an extension of Luke's Lagrangian for surface gravity waves, that is, water waves. The Kakinuma model is a system of Euler-Lagrange equations for approximate Lagrangians, which are obtained by approximating the velocity potentials in the Lagrangian for the full model. In this paper, we first analyze the linear dispersion relation for the Kakinuma model and show that the dispersion curves highly fit that of the full model in the shallow water regime. We then analyze the linearized equations around constant states and derive a stability condition, which is satisfied for small initial data when the denser water is below the lighter water. We show that the initial value problem is in fact well-posed locally in time in Sobolev spaces under the stability condition, the non-cavitation assumption and intrinsic compatibility conditions in spite of the fact that the initial value problem for the full model does not have any stability domain so that its initial value problem is ill-posed in Sobolev spaces. Moreover, it is shown that the Kakinuma model enjoys a Hamiltonian structure and has conservative quantities: mass, total energy, and in the case of the flat bottom, momentum.