On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge

TL;DR

This study compares two models of electron energy distribution in HiPIMS discharges, demonstrating that a bi-Maxwellian distribution effectively describes the electron kinetics.

Contribution

It introduces a combined modeling approach using IRM and OBELIX to accurately represent electron energy distributions in HiPIMS.

Findings

Good agreement between IRM and OBELIX models.

Bi-Maxwellian distribution is a valid approximation.

Temporal particle densities match well between models.

Abstract

We apply the Ionization Region Model (IRM) and the Orsay Boltzmann equation for ELectrons coupled with Ionization and eXcited states kinetics (OBELIX) model to study the electron kinetics of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge. In the IRM the bulk (cold) electrons are assumed to exhibit a Maxwellian energy distribution and the secondary (hot) electrons, emitted from the target surface upon ion bombardment, are treated as a high energy tail, while in the OBELIX the electron energy distribution is calculated self-consistently using an isotropic Boltzmann equation. The two models are merged in the sense that the output from the IRM is used as an input for OBELIX. The temporal evolutions of the particle densities are found to agree very well between the two models. Furthermore, a very good agreement is demonstrated between the bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution assumed by the IRM and the electron energy distribution calculated by the OBELIX model. It can therefore be concluded that assuming a bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution, constituting a cold bulk electron group and a hot secondary electron group, is a good approximation for modeling the HiPIMS discharge.