Constant of motion identifying excited-state quantum phases

TL;DR

This paper introduces a constant of motion operator that distinguishes two excited-state quantum phases separated by a critical energy, revealing a new way to identify quantum phase transitions in various models.

Contribution

It proposes a novel operator-based method to identify and characterize excited-state quantum phases and transitions, supported by numerical evidence in the Rabi and Dicke models.

Findings

The operator $ ilde{ ext{C}}$ acts as a discrete symmetry in one phase.

The spectrum splits into phases with different eigenvalue structures.

Finite-size corrections decrease as a power-law, indicating thermodynamic limit behavior.

Abstract

We propose that a broad class of excited-state quantum phase transitions (ESQPTs) gives rise to two different excited-state quantum phases. These phases are identified by means of an operator, $\hat{\mathcal{C}}$, which is a constant of motion only in one of them. Hence, the ESQPT critical energy splits the spectrum into one phase where the equilibirium expectation values of physical observables crucially depend on this constant of motion, and another phase where the energy is the only relevant thermodynamic magnitude. The trademark feature of this operator is that it has two different eigenvalues, $\pm1$, and therefore it acts as a discrete symmetry in the first of these two phases. This scenario is observed in systems with and without an additional discrete symmetry; in the first case, $\hat{\mathcal{C}}$ explains the change from degenerate doublets to non-degenerate eigenlevels upon crossing the critical line. We present stringent numerical evidence in the Rabi and Dicke models, suggesting that this result is exact in the thermodynamic limit, with finite-size corrections that decrease as a power-law.