A Possible Selection Rule for Flares Causing Sunquakes

TL;DR

This study proposes a hypothesis that sunquakes are more likely to occur when solar flares impact areas with downward oscillations, supported by analysis of 60 strong flares and helioseismic data from Solar Cycle 24.

Contribution

The paper introduces a new hypothesis linking background oscillations to sunquake occurrence and verifies it through helioseismic analysis of multiple solar flares.

Findings

Majority of sunquakes occur during downward oscillations in the 3-5 mHz and 5-7 mHz bands.

Helioseismic holography effectively reconstructs oscillatory velocities during flares.

Results support the hypothesis that downward background oscillations influence sunquake generation.

Abstract

Sunquakes are helioseismic power enhancements initiated by solar flares, but not all flares generate sunquakes. It is curious why some flares cause sunquakes while others do not. Here we propose a hypothesis to explain the disproportionate occurrence of sunquakes: during a flare's impulsive phase when the flare's impulse acts upon the photosphere, delivered by shock waves, energetic particles from higher atmosphere, or by downward Lorentz Force, a sunquake tends to occur if the background oscillation at the flare footpoint happens to oscillate downward in the same direction with the impulse from above. To verify this hypothesis, we select 60 strong flares in Solar Cycle 24, and examine the background oscillatory velocity at the sunquake sources during the flares' impulsive phases. Since the Doppler velocity observations at sunquake sources are usually corrupted during the flares, we reconstruct the oscillatory velocity in the flare sites using helioseismic holography method with an observation-based Green's function. A total of 24 flares are found to be sunquake active, giving a total of 41 sunquakes. It is also found that in 3-5 mHz frequency band, 25 out of 31 sunquakes show net downward oscillatory velocities during the flares' impulsive phases, and in 5-7 mHz frequency band, 33 out of 38 sunquakes show net downward velocities. These results support the hypothesis that a sunquake more likely occurs when a flare impacts a photospheric area with a downward background oscillation.