A note on asymptotic behavior of critical Galton-Watson processes with immigration

TL;DR

This paper provides a detailed alternative proof for the convergence of scaled critical Galton-Watson processes with immigration to a squared Bessel process, using limit theorems for random step processes.

Contribution

It offers a new, simplified proof of a known convergence result, extending it to non-zero initial values and improving previous arguments.

Findings

Convergence of scaled processes to squared Bessel process

Extension to non-zero initial values

Simplified proof technique

Abstract

In this somewhat didactic note we give a detailed alternative proof of the known result due to Wei and Winnicki (1989) which states that under second order moment assumptions on the offspring and immigration distributions the sequence of appropriately scaled random step functions formed from a critical Galton-Watson process with immigration (starting from not necessarily zero) converges weakly towards a squared Bessel process. The proof of Wei and Winnicki (1989) is based on infinitesimal generators, while we use limit theorems for random step processes towards a diffusion process due to Isp\'any and Pap (2010). This technique was already used in Isp\'any (2008), where he proved functional limit theorems for a sequence of some appropriately normalized nearly critical Galton-Watson processes with immigration starting from zero, where the offspring means tend to its critical value 1. As a special case of Theorem 2.1 in Isp\'any (2008) one can get back the result of Wei and Winnicki (1989) in the case of zero initial value. In the present note we handle non-zero initial values with the technique used in Isp\'any (2008), and further, we simplify some of the arguments in the proof of Theorem 2.1 in Isp\'any (2008) as well.