Mapping Gauged Q-Balls

TL;DR

This paper investigates gauged Q-balls, revealing a relation that allows their properties to be derived from global Q-balls, simplifying analysis and providing accurate analytical characterizations of these solitons.

Contribution

It introduces a novel relation enabling the extraction of gauged Q-ball properties from global Q-balls, enhancing understanding and analytical modeling.

Findings

Derived a relation linking gauged and global Q-ball properties.

Provided analytical formulas for gauged Q-ball radius, charge, and energy.

Showed the relation simplifies the analysis of gauged Q-balls.

Abstract

Scalar field theories with particular U(1)-symmetric potentials contain non-topological soliton solutions called Q-balls. Promoting the U(1) to a gauge symmetry leads to the more complicated situation of gauged Q-balls. The soliton solutions to the resulting set of nonlinear differential equations have markedly different properties, such as a maximal possible size and charge. Despite these differences, we discover a relation that allows one to extract the properties of gauged Q-balls (such as the radius, charge, and energy) from the more easily obtained properties of global Q-balls. These results provide a new guide to understanding gauged Q-balls as well as providing simple and accurate analytical characterization of the Q-ball properties.