Experimental accreditation of outputs of noisy quantum computers

TL;DR

This paper introduces an experimentally validated accreditation protocol that estimates the difference between noisy and ideal quantum computation outputs, providing a scalable method to verify quantum computer outputs.

Contribution

The authors develop and demonstrate a practical accreditation method using random Clifford circuits that bounds output variation, independent of target circuit complexity.

Findings

Successfully accredited 24 quantum circuits on superconducting hardware

Protocol provides confidence bounds with a fixed number of Clifford circuits

Method is scalable and applicable to arbitrary-sized noisy quantum computers

Abstract

We provide and experimentally demonstrate an accreditation protocol that upper-bounds the variation distance between noisy and noiseless probability distributions of the outputs of arbitrary quantum computations. We accredit the outputs of twenty-four quantum circuits executed on programmable superconducting hardware, ranging from depth nine circuits on ten qubits to depth twenty-one circuits on four qubits. Our protocol requires implementing the "target" quantum circuit along with a number of random Clifford circuits and subsequently post-processing the outputs of these Clifford circuits. Importantly, the number of Clifford circuits is chosen to obtain the bound with the desired confidence and accuracy, and is independent of the size and nature of the target circuit. We thus demonstrate a practical and scalable method of ascertaining the correctness of the outputs of arbitrary-sized noisy quantum computers--the ultimate arbiter of the utility of the computer itself.