Anti-Counterfeiting for Polymer Banknotes Based on Polymer Substrate Fingerprinting

TL;DR

This paper introduces Polymer Substrate Fingerprinting (PSF), a novel anti-counterfeiting method for polymer banknotes that leverages stochastic manufacturing imperfections to reliably authenticate notes and prevent counterfeiting.

Contribution

The paper presents a new anti-counterfeiting technique based on stochastic coating imperfections, providing a scalable and robust method that is difficult for counterfeiters to replicate.

Findings

Reliable authentication of banknotes using the fingerprinting method.

Robustness of the method against daily handling and wear.

High entropy (~900 bits) enabling global scalability.

Abstract

Polymer banknotes are the trend for printed currency and have been adopted by more than fifty countries worldwide. However, over the past years, the quantity of polymer counterfeits has been increasing, so has the quality of counterfeits. This shows that the initial advantage of bringing a new polymer technology to fight against counterfeiting is reducing. To maintain one step ahead of counterfeiters, we propose a novel anti-counterfeiting technique called Polymer Substrate Fingerprinting (PSF). Our technique is built based on the observation that the opacity coating, a critical step during the production of polymer notes, is a stochastic manufacturing process, leaving uneven thickness in the coating layer and the random dispersion of impurities from the ink. The imperfections in the coating layer result in random translucent patterns when a polymer banknote is back-lit by a light source. We show these patterns can be reliably captured by a commodity negative-film scanner and processed into a compact fingerprint to uniquely identify each banknote. Using an extensive dataset of 6,200 sample images collected from 340 UK banknotes, we show that our method can reliably authenticate banknotes, and is robust against rough daily handling of banknotes. Furthermore, we show the extracted fingerprints contain around 900 bits of entropy, which makes it extremely scalable to identify every polymer note circulated globally. As compared with previous or existing anti-counterfeiting mechanisms for banknotes, our method has a distinctive advantage: it ensures that even in the extreme case when counterfeiters have procured the same printing equipment and ink as used by a legitimate government, counterfeiting banknotes remains infeasible because of the difficulty to replicate a stochastic manufacturing process.