Radiation Exposures and Compensation of Victims of French Atmospheric Nuclear Tests in Polynesia

TL;DR

This study revises estimates of radiation doses from French atmospheric nuclear tests in Polynesia, revealing higher exposures than previously thought, which could significantly increase the number of eligible compensation claimants and impact legal policies.

Contribution

It provides new dose estimates based on declassified documents and atmospheric modeling, suggesting previous assessments underestimated public exposure by factors of 2 to 10.

Findings

Maximum doses may have been underestimated by factors of 2 to 10.

Over 110,000 people could have been exposed above the 1 mSv threshold.

Potential tenfold increase in eligible claimants for compensation.

Abstract

Between 1966 and 1974, France conducted 41 atmospheric nuclear weapon tests in Polynesia. Radioactive fallout impacted downwind atolls and islands leading to the external and internal exposure of the local populations to ionizing radiation. By law, individuals who were exposed to radiation in the context of these tests can file compensation claims with the French government if they develop certain radiogenic cancers. A claimant who meets the basic eligibility criteria (place, time, and type of disease) automatically benefits from the presumption of a causal link between radiation exposure and the development of their illness, unless the exposure is deemed too low. Since 2017, an effective dose threshold of 1 mSv per year has been used in the claims adjudication process. Decisions as to whether claimants have met this 1 mSv threshold in a given year are often made on the basis of data from government dose reconstruction studies carried out in 2005 and 2006. Using new information available from recently declassified documents on the radiological impact of French atmospheric nuclear tests in Polynesia, as well as atmospheric transport modeling of radioactive fallout, this article shows that maximum doses to the public for key atmospheric tests may have been underestimated by factors of 2 to 10 and estimates that the total population exposed above the compensation threshold of 1 mSv/yr could be greater than ~110,000. This latter result corresponds to about 90% of the entire population of French Polynesia at the time of the atmospheric tests. Integrating these updated dose estimates into the claim adjudication process would enlarge the pool of eligible claimants by a factor of 10. Also discussed are the legal and policy implications of these findings.