Phase analyses for compact, charged boson stars and shells harboring black holes in the $\mathbb{C}P^N$ nonlinear sigma model

TL;DR

This paper explores phase diagrams of charged boson stars and shells in a gauged $ ext{CP}^N$ nonlinear sigma model, revealing complex solution regions influenced by electromagnetism, gravity, and black hole harboring.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of phase structures and solutions in the $U(1)$ gauged $ ext{CP}^N$ model, including the effects of gravity and black holes on charged boson configurations.

Findings

Identification of four distinct solution regions influenced by electromagnetism and gravity.

Discovery of black hole harboring within shell solutions and their smooth connection.

Complex phase diagrams illustrating coexistence of different solution types.

Abstract

Phase diagrams of the boson stars and shells of the $U(1)$ gauged $\mathbb{C}P^N$ nonlinear sigma model are studied. The solutions of the model exhibit both the ball- and the shell-shaped charge density depending on $N$. There appear four independent regions of the solutions which are essentially caused from the coexistence of electromagnetism and gravity. We examine several phase diagrams of the boson stars and the shells and discuss what and how the regions are emerged. A coupling with gravity allows for harboring of the charged black holes for the $Q$-shell solutions. Some solutions are strongly affected by the presence of the black holes and they allow to be smoothly connected. As a result, the regions are integrated by the harboring black holes.