Light Dirac neutrino portal dark matter with observable $\Delta{N_{\rm eff}}$

TL;DR

This paper introduces a minimal Dirac neutrino portal dark matter model with observable effects on the effective number of neutrino species, predicting detectable signals in future cosmological experiments.

Contribution

It proposes a novel minimal extension of the Standard Model involving right-handed neutrinos and a dark sector with a $ ext{Z}_4$ symmetry, linking neutrino mass and dark matter phenomenology.

Findings

Low mass dark matter ($ ext{M}_ ext{ ext{psi}} extless 10$ GeV) is constrained by Planck 2018 data.

The model predicts an excess in $N_{ m eff}$ that upcoming experiments can test.

Future CMB experiments will probe the entire parameter space of the model.

Abstract

We propose a Dirac neutrino portal dark matter scenario by minimally extending the particle content of the Standard Model (SM) with three right handed neutrinos ($\nu_R$), a Dirac fermion dark matter candidate ($\psi$) and a complex scalar ($\phi$), all of which are singlets under the SM gauge group. An additional $\mathbb{Z}_4$ symmetry has been introduced for the stability of dark matter candidate $\psi$ and also ensuring the Dirac nature of light neutrinos at the same time. Both the right handed neutrinos and the dark matter thermalise with the SM plasma due to a new Yukawa interaction involving $\nu_R$, $\psi$ and $\phi$ while the latter maintains thermal contact via the Higgs portal interaction. The decoupling of $\nu_R$ occurs when $\phi$ loses its kinetic equilibrium with the SM plasma and thereafter all three $\mathbb{Z}_4$ charged particles form an equilibrium among themselves with a temperature $T_{\nu_R}$. The dark matter candidate $\psi$ finally freezes out within the dark sector and preserves its relic abundance. We have found that in the present scenario, some portion of low mass dark matter ($M_{\psi}\lesssim10$ GeV) is already excluded by the Planck 2018 data for keeping $\nu_R$s in the thermal bath below a temperature of 600 MeV and thereby producing an excess contribution to $N_{\rm eff}$. The next generation experiments like CMB-S4, SPT-3G etc. will have the required sensitivities to probe the entire model parameter space of this minimal scenario, especially the low mass range of $\psi$ where direct detection experiments are still not capable enough for detection.