Charming Charm, Beautiful Bottom, and Quark-Gluon Plasma in the Large Hadron Collider Era

TL;DR

This paper reviews the creation and study of quark-gluon plasma at LHC and RHIC, emphasizing heavy quarks as probes to understand QGP properties and the potential of future measurements.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of heavy quark transport coefficients and their role in characterizing QGP, highlighting new experimental and theoretical insights.

Findings

Heavy quarks serve as effective probes of QGP properties.

Transport coefficients help distinguish energy loss mechanisms.

Future measurements with heavy-flavors are promising for QGP studies.

Abstract

After a few microseconds of the creation of our Universe through the Big Bang, the primordial matter was believed to be a soup of the fundamental constituents of matter -- quarks and gluons. This is expected to be created in the laboratory by colliding heavy nuclei at ultra-relativistic speeds. A plasma of quarks and gluons, called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) can be created at the energy and luminosity frontiers in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. Heavy quarks, namely the charm and bottom quarks, are considered as novel probes to characterize QGP, and hence the produced Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) matter. Heavy quark transport coefficients play a significant role in understanding the properties of QGP. Experimental measurements of nuclear suppression factor and elliptic flow can constrain the heavy quark transport coefficients, which are key ingredients for phenomenological studies, and they help to disentangle different energy loss mechanisms. We give a general perspective of the heavy quark drag and diffusion coefficients in QGP and discuss their potentials as probes to disentangle different hadronization mechanisms, as well as to probe the initial electromagnetic fields produced in non-central heavy-ion collisions. Experimental perspectives on future measurements are discussed with special emphasis on heavy-flavors as next-generation probes in view of new technological developments.