The impact of state capacity on the cross-country variations in COVID-19 vaccination rates

TL;DR

This study investigates how different aspects of state capacity, including economic power, soft power, and government effectiveness, influence the initial COVID-19 vaccination rates across 189 countries.

Contribution

It provides empirical evidence linking state capacity measures to vaccination rollout heterogeneity during the early pandemic phase.

Findings

Economic and soft power are key determinants of vaccination start.

Government effectiveness significantly influences vaccine rollout.

Heterogeneity in vaccination rates is explained by state capacity differences.

Abstract

The initial period of vaccination shows strong heterogeneity between countries' vaccinations rollout, both in the terms of the start of the vaccination process and in the dynamics of the number of people that are vaccinated. A predominant thesis in the ongoing debate on the drivers of this observed heterogeneity is that a key determinant of the swift and extensive vaccine rollout is state capacity. Here, we utilize two measures that quantify different aspects of the state capacity: i) the external capacity (measured through the soft power and the economic power of the country) and ii) the internal capacity (measured via the country's government effectiveness) and investigate their relationship with the coronavirus vaccination outcome in the initial period (up to 30th January 2021). By using data on 189 countries and a two-step Heckman approach, we find that the economic power of the country and its soft power are robust determinants of whether a country has started with the vaccination process. In addition, the government effectiveness is a key factor that determines vaccine roll-out. Altogether, our findings are in line with the hypothesis that state capacity determines the observed heterogeneity between countries in the initial period of COVID-19 vaccines rollout.