Stability of domain walls in models with asymmetric potentials

TL;DR

This paper investigates how asymmetries in potential landscapes affect the stability and decay of cosmological domain walls, revealing that small initial asymmetries lead to rapid decay, complicating observable gravitational wave signals.

Contribution

It introduces a new type of potential to study asymmetry effects and uses numerical simulations to analyze factors influencing domain wall decay times.

Findings

Small initial asymmetries cause rapid decay of domain walls.

Shape details of the potential are less influential than potential minima differences.

Long-lasting domain walls are harder to produce than previously thought.

Abstract

We study the evolution of cosmological domain walls in models with asymmetric potentials. Our research goes beyond the standard case of spontaneous breaking of an approximate symmetry. When the symmetry is explicitly broken the potential exhibits nearly degenerate minima which can lead to creation of a metastable network of domain walls. The time after which the network will decay depends on the difference of values of the potential in minima, its asymmetry around the maximum separating minima and the bias of the initial distribution of the field. Effect of asymmetry around the maximum separating minima is novel one that we study with a new type of potential. Using numerical lattice simulations we determine relative importance of these factors on decay time of networks for generic potentials. We find that even very small departures from the symmetric initial distribution case lead to rapid decay of the domain wall network. As a result creation of a long lasting network capable of producing observable gravitational wave signals is much more difficult than previously thought. On the other hand details of the shape of the potential turn out to be much less important than was expected and the evolution of network from symmetric distribution is controlled by the difference of values of the potential in the minima.