The Luminous and Double-Peaked Type Ic Supernova 2019stc: Evidence for Multiple Energy Sources

TL;DR

SN 2019stc is a luminous, double-peaked Type Ic supernova exhibiting features of both typical SNe Ic and superluminous supernovae, likely powered by multiple energy sources including radioactive decay, magnetar spin-down, and circumstellar interaction.

Contribution

This study presents detailed photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2019stc, revealing a unique supernova bridging the gap between SNe Ic and SLSNe with evidence for multiple energy sources.

Findings

Double-peaked light curve with high total radiated energy.

First peak modeled with magnetar spin-down and radioactive heating, reducing nickel mass estimate.

Second peak explained by circumstellar interaction with hydrogen-free material.

Abstract

We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of SN\,2019stc (=ZTF19acbonaa), an unusual Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) at a redshift of $z=0.117$. SN\,2019stc exhibits a broad double-peaked light curve, with the first peak having an absolute magnitude of $M_r=-20.0$ mag, and the second peak, about 80 rest-frame days later, $M_r=-19.2$ mag. The total radiated energy is large, $E_{\rm rad}\approx 2.5\times 10^{50}$ erg. Despite its large luminosity, approaching those of Type I superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), SN\,2019stc exhibits a typical SN Ic spectrum, bridging the gap between SLSNe and SNe Ic. The spectra indicate the presence of Fe-peak elements, but modeling of the first light curve peak with radioactive heating alone leads to an unusually high nickel mass fraction of $f_{\rm Ni}\approx 31\%$ ($M_{\rm Ni}\approx 3.2$ M$_\odot$). Instead, if we model the first peak with a combined magnetar spin-down and radioactive heating model we find a better match with $M_{\rm ej}\approx 4$ M$_\odot$, a magnetar spin period of $P_{\rm spin}\approx 7.2$ ms and magnetic field of $B\approx 10^{14}$ G, and $f_{\rm Ni}\lesssim 0.2$ (consistent with SNe Ic). The prominent second peak cannot be naturally accommodated with radioactive heating or magnetar spin-down, but instead can be explained as circumstellar interaction with $\approx 0.7$ $M_\odot$ of hydrogen-free material located $\approx 400$ AU from the progenitor. Including the remnant mass leads to a CO core mass prior to explosion of $\approx 6.5$ M$_\odot$. The host galaxy has a metallicity of $\approx 0.26$ Z$_\odot$, low for SNe Ic but consistent with SLSNe. Overall, we find that SN\,2019stc is a transition object between normal SNe Ic and SLSNe.