Theory of Low Frequency Contamination from Nonstationarity and Misspecification: Consequences for HAR Inference

TL;DR

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of how nonstationarity causes low frequency contamination affecting HAR inference, and evaluates the robustness of different estimators and tests.

Contribution

It offers explicit asymptotic bias expressions, distinguishes small-sample and asymptotic contamination, and compares the robustness of various long-run variance estimators under nonstationarity.

Findings

Nonparametric smoothing over time is robust to low frequency contamination.

Traditional LRV estimators tend to be inflated under nonstationarity, affecting HAR tests.

Double kernel HAC estimators are less affected by low frequency contamination.

Abstract

We establish theoretical results about the low frequency contamination (i.e., long memory effects) induced by general nonstationarity for estimates such as the sample autocovariance and the periodogram, and deduce consequences for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust (HAR) inference. We present explicit expressions for the asymptotic bias of these estimates. We distinguish cases where this contamination only occurs as a small-sample problem and cases where the contamination continues to hold asymptotically. We show theoretically that nonparametric smoothing over time is robust to low frequency contamination. Our results provide new insights on the debate between consistent versus inconsistent long-run variance (LRV) estimation. Existing LRV estimators tend to be in inflated when the data are nonstationary. This results in HAR tests that can be undersized and exhibit dramatic power losses. Our theory indicates that long bandwidths or fixed-b HAR tests suffer more from low frequency contamination relative to HAR tests based on HAC estimators, whereas recently introduced double kernel HAC estimators do not super from this problem. Finally, we present second-order Edgeworth expansions under nonstationarity about the distribution of HAC and DK-HAC estimators and about the corresponding t-test in the linear regression model.