Towards Understanding the COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate

TL;DR

This paper investigates the COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR), revealing consistent exponential age effects across countries and time, and analyzing how age and GDP influence CFR during different pandemic waves.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of CFR dynamics, highlighting the invariant exponential age effect and the shifting influence of age and GDP between pandemic waves.

Findings

Exponential age effect on CFR is consistent across countries and time.

Age is more significant than GDP during the first wave.

GDP's role becomes more prominent in the second wave.

Abstract

An important parameter for COVID-19 is the case fatality rate (CFR). It has been applied to wide applications, including the measure of the severity of the infection, the estimation of the number of infected cases, risk assessment etc. However, there remains a lack of understanding on several aspects of CFR, including population factors that are important to CFR, the apparent discrepancy of CFRs in different countries, and how the age effect comes into play. We analyze the CFRs at two different time snapshots, July 6 and Dec 28, 2020, with one during the first wave and the other a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We consider two important population covariates, age and GDP as a proxy for the quality and abundance of public health. Extensive exploratory data analysis leads to some interesting findings. First, there is a clear exponential age effect among different age groups, and, more importantly, the exponential index is almost invariant across countries and time in the pandemic. Second, the roles played by the age and GDP are a little surprising: during the first wave, age is a more significant factor than GDP, while their roles have switched during the second wave of the pandemic, which may be partially explained by the delay in time for the quality and abundance of public health and medical research to factor in.