Quantum structured light: Non-classical spin texture of twisted single-photon pulses

TL;DR

This paper develops a quantum framework for structured light at the single-photon level, revealing quantum spin textures and fluctuations in twisted photon pulses beyond classical and paraxial theories.

Contribution

It introduces a novel quantum description of spin and orbital angular momentum in single-photon pulses, surpassing classical and scalar models, and predicts measurable quantum fluctuations and textures.

Findings

Quantum spin textures exhibit non-classical behavior.

Large OAM quantum fluctuations occur in the transverse plane.

Distinct statistics for Fock and coherent twisted pulses.

Abstract

Classical structured light with controlled polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic waves has varied applications in optical trapping, bio-sensing, optical communications and quantum simulations. The classical electromagnetic theory of such structured light beams and pulses have advanced significantly over the last two decades. However, a framework for the quantum density of spin and OAM for single-photons remains elusive. Here, we develop a theoretical framework and put forth the concept of quantum structured light for space-time wavepackets at the single-photon level. Our work marks a paradigm shift beyond scalar-field theory as well as the paraxial approximation and can be utilized to study the quantum properties of the spin and OAM of all classes of twisted quantum light pulses. We capture the uncertainty in full three-dimensional (3D) projections of vector spin demonstrating their quantum behavior beyond the conventional concept of classical polarization. Even in laser beams with high OAM along the propagation direction, we predict the existence of large OAM quantum fluctuations in the transverse plane which can be verified experimentally. We show that the spin density generates modulated helical texture beyond the paraxial limit and exhibits distinct statistics for Fock-state vs. coherent-state twisted pulses. We introduce the quantum correlator of photon spin density to characterize the nonlocal spin noise providing a rigorous parallel with fermionic spin noise operators. Our work paves the way for quantum spin-OAM physics in twisted single photon pulses and also opens explorations for new phases of light with long-range spin order.