A pulse oximeter based on Time-of-Flight histograms

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel ToF histogram-based pulse oximeter that offers improved accuracy and stability over traditional methods, suitable for integration into compact consumer devices like smartphones and wearables.

Contribution

The paper presents a new ToF histogram approach for pulse oximetry using a FPGA-based system with a CMOS SPAD detector, enhancing measurement stability and accuracy.

Findings

Preliminary ToF pulse measurement results demonstrate feasibility.

The system shows increased linearity and stability compared to traditional sensors.

Potential for integration into portable consumer devices is discussed.

Abstract

A pulse oximeter is an optical device that monitors tissue oxygenation levels. Traditionally, these devices estimate the oxygenation level by measuring the intensity of the transmitted light through the tissue and are embedded into everyday devices such as smartphones and smartwatches. However, these sensors require prior information and are susceptible to unwanted changes in the intensity, including ambient light, skin tone, and motion artefacts. Previous experiments have shown the potential of Time-of-Flight (ToF) techniques in measurements of tissue hemodynamics. Our proposed technology uses histograms of photon flight paths within the tissue to obtain tissue oxygenation, regardless of the changes in the intensity of the source. Our device is based on a 45ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) which is implemented in a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ field programmable gate array (FPGA), a CMOS Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detector, and a low-cost compact laser source. All these components including the SPAD detector are manufactured using the latest commercially available technology, which leads to increased linearity, accuracy, and stability for ToF measurements. This proof-of-concept system is approximately 10cmx8cmx5cm in size, with a high potential for shrinkage through further system development and component integration. We demonstrate preliminary results of ToF pulse measurements and report the engineering details, trade-offs, and challenges of this design. We discuss the potential for mass adoption of ToF based pulse oximeters in everyday devices such as smartphones and wearables.