Remedy of some cosmological tensions via effective phantom-like behavior of interacting vacuum energy

TL;DR

This study explores phenomenological interactions in the dark sector, showing they can alleviate cosmological tensions and exhibit phantom-like behavior without crossing the phantom divide, using combined observational data.

Contribution

It introduces and tests two interacting dark energy models with observational data, demonstrating their ability to relax tensions and exhibit phantom-like effects.

Findings

Non-zero dark sector coupling up to 99% CL with energy transfer from dark matter to vacuum energy.

Models significantly relax H0 and σ8 tensions compared to standard ΛCDM.

Interaction models fit data better than non-interacting counterparts.

Abstract

Since physics of the dark sector components of the Universe is not yet well-understood, the phenomenological studies of non-minimal interaction in the dark sector could possibly pave the way to theoretical and experimental progress in this direction. Therefore, in this work, we intend to explore some features and consequences of a phenomenological interaction in the dark sector. We use the Planck 2018, BAO, JLA, KiDS and HST data to investigate two extensions of the base $\Lambda$CDM model, viz., (i) we allow the interaction among vacuum energy and dark matter, namely the I$\Lambda$CDM model, wherein the interaction strength is proportional to the vacuum energy density and expansion rate of the Universe, and (ii) the I$\Lambda$CDM scenario with free effective neutrino mass and number, namely the $\nu$I$\Lambda$CDM model. We also present comparative analyses of the interaction models with the companion models, namely, $\Lambda$CDM, $\nu\Lambda$CDM, $w$CDM and $\nu w$CDM. In both the interaction models, we find non-zero coupling in the dark sector up to 99\% CL with energy transfer from dark matter to vacuum energy, and observe a phantom-like behavior of the effective dark energy without actual ``phantom crossing". The well-known tensions on the cosmological parameters $H_0$ and $\sigma_8$, prevailing within the $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, are relaxed significantly in these models wherein the $\nu$I$\Lambda$CDM model shows consistency with the standard effective neutrino mass and number. Both the interaction models find a better fit to the combined data compared to the companion models under consideration.