Linking Zonal Winds and Gravity II: explaining the equatorially antisymmetric gravity moments of Jupiter

TL;DR

This study proposes a new model for Jupiter's zonal winds that explains gravity measurements by suggesting winds are shallow near the equator and deeper at higher latitudes, aligning with magnetic and atmospheric constraints.

Contribution

It introduces an alternative wind structure that accounts for equatorial antisymmetry and matches gravity, magnetic, and atmospheric observations without artificial regularization.

Findings

Winds are shallow near the equator and deeper at higher latitudes.

The preferred wind structure is 50% deeper than previous models.

The model explains gravity moments while satisfying magnetic and atmospheric constraints.

Abstract

The recent gravity field measurements of Jupiter (Juno) and Saturn (Cassini) confirm the existence of deep zonal flows reaching to a depth of 5\% and 15\% of the respective radius. Relating the zonal wind induced density perturbations to the gravity moments has become a major tool to characterise the interior dynamics of gas giants. Previous studies differ with respect to the assumptions made on how the wind velocity relates to density anomalies, on the functional form of its decay with depth, and on the continuity of antisymmetric winds across the equatorial plane. Most of the suggested vertical structures exhibit a rather smooth radial decay of the zonal wind, which seems at odds with the observed secular variation of the magnetic field and the prevailing geostrophy of the zonal winds. Moreover, the results relied on an artificial equatorial regularisation or ignored the equatorial discontinuity altogether. We favour an alternative structure, where the equatorially antisymmetric zonal wind in an equatorial latitude belt between $\pm 21^\circ$ remains so shallow that it does not contribute to the gravity signal. The winds at higher latitudes suffice to convincingly explain the measured gravity moments. Our results indicate that the winds are geostrophic, i.e. constant along cylinders, in the outer $3000\,$ km and decay rapidly below. The preferred wind structure is 50\% deeper than previously thought, agrees with the measured gravity moment, is compliant with the magnetic constraints and the requirement of an adiabatic atmosphere and unbiased by the treatment of the equatorial discontinuity.