The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination Delay: A Modelling Study for Chicago and NYC Data

TL;DR

This study models the effects of COVID-19 vaccination delays in Chicago and NYC, showing that earlier vaccination significantly reduces cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, with impacts varying based on local infection dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a time-dependent SEIR-like model tailored to Chicago and NYC data, forecasting vaccination scenarios and quantifying delay impacts on health outcomes.

Findings

Delayed vaccination increases mortality and hospitalizations.

Earlier vaccination campaigns significantly reduce COVID-19 cases.

Impact of delays varies with local infection patterns.

Abstract

Background: By the beginning of December 2020, some vaccines against COVID-19 already presented efficacy and security, which qualify them to be used in mass vaccination campaigns. Thus, setting up strategies of vaccination became crucial to control the COVID19 pandemic. Methods: We use daily COVID-19 reports from Chicago and NYC from 01-Mar2020 to 28- Nov-2020 to estimate the parameters of an SEIR-like epidemiological model that accounts for different severity levels. To achieve data adherent predictions, we let the model parameters to be time-dependent. The model is used to forecast different vaccination scenarios, where the campaign starts at different dates, from 01-Oct-2020 to 01-Apr-2021. To generate realistic scenarios, disease control strategies are implemented whenever the number of predicted daily hospitalizations reaches a preset threshold. Results: The model reproduces the empirical data with remarkable accuracy. Delaying the vaccination severely affects the mortality, hospitalization, and recovery projections. In Chicago, the disease spread was under control, reducing the mortality increment as the start of the vaccination was postponed. In NYC, the number of cases was increasing, thus, the estimated model predicted a much larger impact, despite the implementation of contention measures. The earlier the vaccination campaign begins, the larger is its potential impact in reducing the COVID-19 cases, as well as in the hospitalizations and deaths. Moreover, the rate at which cases, hospitalizations and deaths increase with the delay in the vaccination beginning strongly depends on the shape of the incidence of infection in each city.