On the Parameterized Complexity of Learning First-Order Logic

TL;DR

This paper investigates the computational complexity of learning first-order logic queries, establishing hardness results and providing a fixed-parameter tractable learning algorithm for sparse data structures.

Contribution

It demonstrates the parameterized hardness of learning first-order queries and introduces a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm for sparse structures.

Findings

Learning first-order queries is as hard as model-checking, placing it in AW[*].

A fixed-parameter tractable algorithm exists for sparse, nowhere dense structures.

The results connect logical query learning complexity with parameterized complexity theory.

Abstract

We analyse the complexity of learning first-order queries in a model-theoretic framework for supervised learning introduced by (Grohe and Tur\'an, TOCS 2004). Previous research on the complexity of learning in this framework focussed on the question of when learning is possible in time sublinear in the background structure. Here we study the parameterized complexity of the learning problem. We have two main results. The first is a hardness result, showing that learning first-order queries is at least as hard as the corresponding model-checking problem, which implies that on general structures it is hard for the parameterized complexity class AW[*]. Our second main contribution is a fixed-parameter tractable agnostic PAC learning algorithm for first-order queries over sparse relational data (more precisely, over nowhere dense background structures).