Balanced Derivatives, Identities, and Bounds for Trigonometric and Bessel Series

TL;DR

This paper extends identities related to Ramanujan's work by introducing balanced derivatives, leading to new theorems and bounds for sums involving trigonometric and Bessel functions, with implications for classical number theory problems.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of balanced derivatives to generalize series representations, revealing different convergence regions and providing new bounds for large sums.

Findings

Derived new series representations using balanced derivatives

Established bounds for sums as the number of terms grows large

Identified the significance of Ramanujan's intuition in balanced formulations

Abstract

Motivated by two identities published with Ramanujan's lost notebook and connected, respectively, with the Gauss circle problem and the Dirichlet divisor problem, in an earlier paper, three of the present authors derived representations for certain sums of products of trigonometric functions as double series of Bessel functions. These series are generalized in the present paper by introducing the novel notion of balanced derivatives, leading to further theorems. As we will see below, the regions of convergence in the unbalanced case are entirely different than those in the balanced case. From this viewpoint, it is remarkable that Ramanujan had the intuition to formulate entries that are, in our new terminology, "balanced". If $x$ denotes the number of products of the trigonometric functions appearing in our sums, in addition to proving the identities mentioned above, theorems and conjectures for upper and lower bounds for the sums as $x\to\infty$ are established.