Eliminating $volume$ fluctuations in fixed-target heavy-ion experiments

TL;DR

This paper reviews and tests methods to eliminate volume fluctuation effects in fixed-target heavy-ion collision experiments, which is crucial for accurate fluctuation analysis in high-energy nuclear physics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review and testing of procedures to remove volume fluctuations, enhancing the reliability of fluctuation measurements in fixed-target heavy-ion experiments.

Findings

Methods effectively reduce volume fluctuation effects.

Procedures applicable to multiple ongoing and future experiments.

Improved accuracy in fluctuation analysis for nuclear collisions.

Abstract

Experimental and theoretical studies of fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus interactions at high energies have started to play a major role in understanding of the concept of strong interactions. The elaborated procedures have been developed to disentangle different processes happening during nucleus-nucleus collisions. The fluctuations caused by a variation of the number of nucleons which participated in a collision are frequently considered the unwanted one. The methods to eliminate these fluctuations in fixed-target experiments are reviewed and tested. They can be of key importance in the following ongoing fixed-target heavy-ion experiments: NA61/SHINE at the CERN SPS, STAR-FT at the BNL RHIC, BM\@N at JINR Nuclotron, HADES at the GSI SIS18 and in future experiments such as NA60+ at the CERN SPS, CBM at the FAIR SIS100, JHITS at J-PARC-HI MR.