Universal Structural Influence on the 2D Electron Gas at SrTiO$_3$ Surfaces

TL;DR

This study investigates how structural modifications and temperature affect the electronic properties of the 2D electron gas at SrTiO$_3$ surfaces, revealing key factors for tuning oxide electronic devices.

Contribution

It demonstrates that surface composition and local structural relaxations critically influence the 2DEG behavior, providing new insights for device engineering.

Findings

A SrO-rich surface layer is essential for electronic confinement.

A metal-insulator transition occurs around 135 K due to local structure relaxations.

Surface vicinality can be used to tune the 2DEG properties.

Abstract

The two-dimensional electron gas found at the surface of SrTiO$_3$ and related interfaces has attracted significant attention as a promising basis for oxide electronics. In order to utilize its full potential, the response of this 2DEG to structural changes and surface modification must be understood in detail. Here, we present a study of the detailed electronic structure evolution of the 2DEG as a function of sample temperature and surface step density. By comparing our experimental results with \textit{ab initio} calculations, we found that a SrO-rich surface layer is a prerequisite for electronic confinement. We also show that local structure relaxations cause a metal-insulator transition of the system around 135~K. Our study presents a new and simple way of tuning the 2DEG via surface vicinality and identifies how the operation of prospective devices will respond to changes in temperature.