Impacts of Heat Decarbonisation on System Adequacy considering Increased Meteorological Sensitivity

TL;DR

This study models how decarbonising heat impacts electricity demand and system adequacy, revealing increased sensitivity to weather and potential over-procurement costs if legacy methods persist.

Contribution

It introduces a novel, combined demand-weather sensitivity model for electrified heating, highlighting biases in traditional demand scaling approaches.

Findings

Electrical demand sensitivity to temperature could increase by 50%.

Over-procurement of capacity could reach 0.79 GW, costing {a3100m} over ten years.

Explicit heat demand modelling reduces bias compared to legacy scaling methods.

Abstract

This paper explores the impacts of decarbonisation of heat on demand and subsequently on the generation capacity required to secure against system adequacy standards. Gas demand is explored as a proxy variable for modelling the electrification of heating demand in existing housing stock, with a focus on impacts on timescales of capacity markets (up to four years ahead). The work considers the systemic changes that electrification of heating could introduce, including biases that could be introduced if legacy modelling approaches continue to prevail. Covariates from gas and electrical regression models are combined to form a novel, time-collapsed system model, with demand-weather sensitivities determined using lasso-regularized linear regression. It is shown, using a GB case study with one million domestic heat pump installations per year, that the sensitivity of electrical system demand to temperature (and subsequently sensitivities to cold/warm winter seasons) could increase by 50% following four years of heat demand electrification. A central estimate of 1.75 kW additional peak demand per heat pump is estimated, with variability across three published heat demand profiles leading to a range of more than 14 GW in the most extreme cases. It is shown that the legacy approach of scaling historic demand, as compared to the explicit modelling of heat, could lead to over-procurement of 0.79 GW due to bias in estimates of additional capacity to secure. Failure to address this issue could lead to {\pounds}100m overspend on capacity over ten years.