Estimation of electric field impact in deep brain stimulation from axon diameter distribution in the human brain

TL;DR

This study estimates how the electric field in deep brain stimulation activates axons of various diameters, showing a linear increase in activation fraction above a threshold of 0.18 V/mm, aiding clinical outcome prediction.

Contribution

It introduces a method combining FEM simulations and axon diameter distributions to estimate axon activation fractions in DBS.

Findings

Activation fraction increases linearly with electric field above 0.18 V/mm.

Approximately 41% of axons are activated at a given EF level.

Linear regression is suitable for correlating EF with clinical outcomes.

Abstract

Background: Finite element method (FEM) simulations of the electric field magnitude (EF) are commonly used to estimate the affected tissue surrounding the active contact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads. Previous studies have found that DBS starts to noticeably activate axons at approximately 0.2 V/mm, corresponding to activation of 3.4 $\mu$m axons in simulations of individual axon triggering. Most axons in the brain are considerably smaller however, and the effect of the electric field is thus expected to be stronger with increasing EF as more and more axons become activated. Objective: To estimate the fraction of activated axons as a function of electric field magnitude. Methods: The EF thresholds required for axon stimulation of myelinated axon diameters between 1 and 5 $\mu$m were obtained from a combined cable and Hodgkin-Huxley model in a FEM-simulated electric field from a Medtronic 3389 lead. These thresholds were compared with the average axon diameter distribution from literature from several structures in the human brain to obtain an estimate of the fraction of axons activated at EF levels between 0.1 and 1.8 V/mm. Results: The effect of DBS is estimated to be 41$\cdot$EF - 7.4 % starting at a threshold level EFt0 = 0.18 V/mm. Conclusion: The fraction of activated axons from DBS in a voxel is estimated to increase linearly with EF above the threshold level of 0.18 V/mm. This means linear regression between EF above 0.18 V/mm and clinical outcome is a suitable statistical method when doing improvement maps for DBS.