The phenomenology of nuclear scattering for a WIMP of arbitrary spin

TL;DR

This paper systematically analyzes how WIMPs of arbitrary spin interact with nuclei in direct detection experiments, revealing how higher multipole couplings affect recoil spectra and detection sensitivities.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive phenomenological study of nuclear scattering for WIMPs with arbitrary spin, including high-multipole interactions up to quadrupolar, octupolar, and hexadecapolar.

Findings

Higher multipole couplings suppress detection rates and shift spectra to higher recoil energies.

Effective scales probed can be suppressed by up to five orders of magnitude for certain operators.

Recoil spectra can extend into the MeV range with characteristic peaks and minima.

Abstract

We provide a first systematic and quantitative discussion of the phenomenology of the non-relativistic effective Hamiltonian describing the nuclear scattering process for a Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) of arbitrary spin $j_\chi$. To this aim we obtain constraints from a representative sample of present direct detection experiments assuming the WIMP-nucleus scattering process to be driven by each one of the 44 effective couplings that arise for $j_\chi\le$ 2. We find that a high value of the multipolarity $s\le 2 j_\chi$ of the coupling, related to the power of the momentum transfer $q$ appearing in the scattering amplitude, leads to a suppression of the expected rates and pushes the expected differential spectra to large recoil energies $E_R$. For $s\le$ 4 the effective scales probed by direct detection experiments can be suppressed by up to 5 orders of magnitude compared to the case of a standard spin-independent interaction. For operators with large $s$ the expected differential spectra can be pushed to recoil energies in the MeV range, with the largest part of the signal concentrated at $E_R\gtrsim$ 100 keV and a peculiar structure of peaks and minima arising when both the nuclear target and the WIMP are heavy. As a consequence the present bounds on the effective operators can be significantly improved by extending the recoil energy intervals to higher recoil energies. Our analysis assumes effective interaction operators that are irreducible under the rotation group. Such operators drive the interactions of high-multipole dark matter candidates, i.e. states that possess only the highest multipole allowed by their spin. As a consequence our analysis represents also the first phenomenological study of the direct detection of quadrupolar, octupolar, and hexadecapolar dark matter.