Particle acceleration in winds of star clusters

TL;DR

This paper explores particle acceleration at star cluster wind termination shocks, proposing they can reach PeV energies and produce cosmic ray spectra consistent with observations, offering an alternative to supernova remnants.

Contribution

It develops a theory of diffusive shock acceleration at star cluster wind termination shocks, showing they can accelerate particles to PeV energies with spectra matching cosmic ray observations.

Findings

Maximum energy can reach PeV for powerful clusters.

Spectrum of accelerated particles is a power law with slope 4 to 4.3.

Confinement is guaranteed by the geometry of the wind bubble.

Abstract

The origin of cosmic rays in our Galaxy remains a subject of active debate. While supernova remnant shocks are often invoked as the sites of acceleration, it is now widely accepted that the difficulties of such sources in reaching PeV energies are daunting and it seems likely that only a subclass of rare remnants can satisfy the necessary conditions. Moreover the spectra of cosmic rays escaping the remnants have a complex shape that is not obviously the same as the spectra observed at the Earth. Here we investigate the process of particle acceleration at the termination shock that develops in the bubble excavated by star clusters' winds in the interstellar medium. While the main limitation to the maximum energy in supernova remnants comes from the need for effective wave excitation upstream so as to confine particles in the near-shock region and speed up the acceleration process, at the termination shock of star clusters the confinement of particles upstream in guaranteed by the geometry of the problem. We develop a theory of diffusive shock acceleration at such shock and we find that the maximum energy may reach the PeV region for powerful clusters in the high end of the luminosity tail for these sources. A crucial role in this problem is played by the dissipation of energy in the wind to magnetic perturbations. Under reasonable conditions the spectrum of the accelerated particles has a power law shape with a slope $4\div 4.3$, in agreement with what is required based upon standard models of cosmic ray transport in the Galaxy.