Good and Proper: Self-similarity of N-body Simulations with Proper Force Softening

TL;DR

This paper investigates how force softening choices in N-body simulations affect the convergence of statistical measures, revealing optimal softening strategies and inherent resolution limits relevant for cosmological modeling.

Contribution

It demonstrates that proper softening can achieve convergence with fewer time steps and identifies a fundamental resolution limit based on particle mass and scale factor.

Findings

Proper softening reaches convergence with fewer time steps.

A resolution limit scales as particle mass times the inverse square root of scale factor.

Proper and comoving softening yield similar results at a specific softening fraction.

Abstract

Analysis of self-similarity in scale-free $N$-body simulations reveals the spatial and temporal scales for which statistics measured in cosmological simulations are converged to the physical continuum limit. We examine how the range of scales in which the two-point correlation function is converged depends on the force softening length and whether it is held constant in comoving or proper coordinates. We find that a proper softening that reaches roughly 1/30th of the inter-particle spacing by the end of the simulation resolves the same spatial and temporal scales as a comoving softening of the same length while using a third fewer time steps, for a range of scale factors typical to $\Lambda$CDM simulations. We additionally infer an inherent resolution limit, set by the particle mass and scaling as $a^{-1/2}$, beyond which reducing the softening does not improve the resolution. We postulate a mapping of these results with spectral index $n=-2$ to $\Lambda$CDM simulations.