Space Charge Effects in Noble Liquid Calorimeters and Time Projection Chambers

TL;DR

This paper reviews space charge effects in noble liquid ionization detectors, discussing their modeling, impact, mitigation strategies, and implications for detector design, especially in calorimeters and large time projection chambers.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, modeling, and mitigation of space charge effects in noble liquid detectors, including new scaling laws and design considerations.

Findings

Scaling laws for space charge effects are established.

Design strategies to mitigate space charge are discussed.

Implications of detector geometry on space charge are analyzed.

Abstract

The subject of space charge in ionization detectors is reviewed, showing how the observations and the formalism used to describe the effects have evolved, starting with applications to calorimeters and reaching recent, large-size time projection chambers. General scaling laws, and different ways to present and model the effects are presented. The relation between space-charge effects and the boundary conditions imposed on the side faces of the detector are discussed, together with a design solution that mitigates part of the effects. The implications of the relative size of drift length and transverse detector size are illustrated. Calibration methods are briefly discussed.