Averaging generalized scalar field cosmologies III: Kantowski--Sachs and closed Friedmann--Lema\^itre--Robertson--Walker models

TL;DR

This paper analyzes scalar field cosmologies in Kantowski-Sachs and closed FLRW models using dynamical systems and averaging theory, identifying late-time attractors and the effects of oscillations on asymptotic behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a global dynamical systems framework for scalar field cosmologies with averaging, revealing late-time attractors and the impact of oscillations in KS and closed FLRW models.

Findings

Late-time attractors include anisotropic Kasner, Taub, and matter-dominated FLRW solutions.

Time-averaged systems accurately predict future asymptotics of full systems.

Oscillations can be smoothed out when the perturbation function D tends to zero.

Abstract

Scalar field cosmologies with a generalized harmonic potential and matter with energy density $\rho_m$, pressure $p_m$, and barotropic equation of state (EoS) $p_m=(\gamma-1)\rho_m, \; \gamma\in[0,2]$ in Kantowski-Sachs (KS) and closed Friedmann--Lema\^itre--Robertson--Walker (FLRW) metrics are investigated. We use methods from non--linear dynamical systems theory and averaging theory considering a time--dependent perturbation function $D$. We define a regular dynamical system over a compact phase space, obtaining global results. That is, for KS metric the global late--time attractors of full and time--averaged systems are two anisotropic contracting solutions, which are non--flat locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Kasner and Taub (flat LRS Kasner) for $0\leq \gamma \leq 2$, and flat FLRW matter--dominated universe if $0\leq \gamma \leq \frac{2}{3}$. For closed FLRW metric late--time attractors of full and averaged systems are a flat matter--dominated FLRW universe for $0\leq \gamma \leq \frac{2}{3}$ as in KS and Einstein-de Sitter solution for $0\leq\gamma<1$. Therefore, time--averaged system determines future asymptotics of full system. Also, oscillations entering the system through Klein-Gordon (KG) equation can be controlled and smoothed out when $D$ goes monotonically to zero, and incidentally for the whole $D$-range for KS and for closed FLRW (if $0\leq \gamma< 1$) too. However, for $\gamma\geq 1$ closed FLRW solutions of the full system depart from the solutions of the averaged system as $D$ is large. Our results are supported by numerical simulations.