SiO, 29SiO, and 30SiO emission from 67 oxygen-rich stars. A survey of 61 maser lines from 7 to 1 mm

TL;DR

This survey of 67 oxygen-rich stars across multiple SiO maser lines provides comprehensive data that enhances understanding of maser emission mechanisms and their dependence on stellar pulsation and physical conditions.

Contribution

It offers the first large, homogeneous dataset of SiO maser emissions from a broad sample, including new detections and insights into vibrational level confinement near stars.

Findings

Detection of a v=6 SiO line for the first time.

Higher vibrational level emissions are confined close to stars.

The J=1-0, v=2 line flux often exceeds v=1, indicating pulsation cycle effects.

Abstract

Circumstellar environments of oxygen-rich stars are among the strongest SiO maser emitters. Physical processes such as collisions, infrared pumping and overlaps favors the inversion of level population and produce maser emission at different vibrational states. Despite numerous observational and theoretical efforts, we still do not have an unified picture including all the physical processes involved in the SiO maser emission. The aim of this work is to provide homogeneous data in a large sample of oxygen-rich stars. We present a survey of 67 oxygen-rich stars from 7 to 1 mm, in their rotational transitions from J=1-0 to J=5-4, for vibrational numbers v from 0 to 6 in the three main SiO isotopologues. We have used one of the 34 m NASA antennas at Robledo and the IRAM 30 m radio telescope. The first tentative detection of a v=6 line is reported, as well as the detection of new maser lines. The highest vibrational levels seem confined to small volumes, presumably close to the stars. The J=1-0, v=2 line flux is greater than the corresponding v=1 in almost half of the sample, which may confirm a predicted dependence on the pulsation cycle. This database is potentially useful in models which should consider most of the physical agents, time dependency, and mass-loss rates. As by-product, we report detections of 27 thermal rotational lines from other molecules, including isotopologues of SiS, H2S, SO, SO2, and NaCl.