Beating the Standard Quantum Limit under Ambient Conditions with Solid-State Spins

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates beating the standard quantum limit in ambient conditions using a solid-state spin system, specifically nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, through advanced entanglement and control techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a full interferometer sequence with deterministic initialization, entanglement, and measurement of NV centers at room temperature, surpassing the SQL.

Findings

Achieved 1.79 dB sensitivity beyond SQL with two spins.

Achieved 2.77 dB sensitivity beyond SQL with three spins.

Implemented non-local gates with fidelity suitable for fault-tolerant quantum computation.

Abstract

Precision measurement plays a crucial role in all fields of science. The use of entangled sensors in quantum metrology improves the precision limit from the standard quantum limit (SQL) to the Heisenberg limit (HL). To date, most experiments beating the SQL are performed on the sensors which are well isolated under extreme conditions. However, it has not been realized in solid-state spin systems at ambient conditions, owing to its intrinsic complexity for the preparation and survival of pure and entangled quantum states. Here we show a full interferometer sequence beating the SQL by employing a hybrid multi-spin system, namely the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond. The interferometer sequence starts from a deterministic and joint initialization, undergoes entanglement and disentanglement of multiple spins, and ends up with projective measurement. In particular, the deterministic and joint initialization of NV negative state, NV electron spin, and two nuclear spins is realized at room temperature for the first time. By means of optimal control, non-local gates are implemented with an estimated fidelity above the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computation. With these techniques combined, we achieve two-spin interference with a phase sensitivity of 1.79 \pm 0.06 dB beyond the SQL and three-spin 2.77 \pm 0.10 dB. Moreover, the deviations from the HL induced by experimental imperfections are completely accountable. The techniques used here are of fundamental importance for quantum sensing and computing, and naturally applicable to other solid-state spin systems.