Strongly localized wrinkling modes of single- and few-layer graphene sheets in or on a compliant matrix under compression

TL;DR

This paper develops an analytical model and confirms through molecular dynamics simulations that localized wrinkling modes can occur in graphene sheets embedded in or on a compliant matrix under compression, without delamination.

Contribution

The study introduces a nonlinear elasticity-based analytical model for localized wrinkling modes in graphene on compliant matrices, supported by molecular dynamics simulations.

Findings

Localized wrinkling modes depend on external strain and surface stress.

Transition from sinusoidal to localized modes occurs continuously with increasing strain.

Localized modes can exist without delamination, differing from ripplocations.

Abstract

We present a study of the wrinkling modes, localized in the plane of single- and few-layer graphene sheets embedded in or placed on a compliant compressively strained matrix. We provide the analytical model based on nonlinear elasticity of the graphene sheet, which shows that the compressive surface stress results in spatial localization of the extended sinusoidal wrinkling mode with soliton-like envelope with localization length, decreasing with the overcritical external strain. The parameters of the extended sinusoidal wrinkling modes are found from the conditions of anomalous softening of flexural surface acoustic wave propagating along the graphene sheet in or on the matrix. For relatively small overcritical external strain, the continuous transition occurs from the sinusoidal wrinkling modes with soliton-like envelope to the strongly localized modes with approximately one-period sinusoidal profiles and amplitude- and external-strain-independent spatial widths. Two types of graphene wrinkling modes with different symmetry are described, when the in-plane antisymmetric or symmetric modes are presumably realized in the graphene sheet embedded in or placed on a compliant strained matrix. Strongly localized wrinkling modes can be realized without delamination of the graphene sheet from the compliant matrix and are not equivalent to the ripplocations in layered solids. Molecular-dynamics modeling confirms the appearance of sinusoidal wrinkling modes in single- and few-layer graphene sheets embedded in polyethylene matrix at T = 300K.