Explaining the scatter in the galaxy mass-metallicity relation with gas flows

TL;DR

This study uses the EAGLE simulation to analyze the causes of scatter in the galaxy mass-metallicity relation, highlighting the roles of gas flows, black hole activity, and galaxy history in shaping metallicity variations.

Contribution

It identifies the key physical processes influencing the scatter in the MZR, especially the roles of gas fraction, inflow, outflow, and black hole mass across different galaxy masses.

Findings

Gas fraction and inflow rates strongly correlate with MZR scatter at lower masses.

Black hole mass is more influential for higher-mass galaxies.

Most galaxies below the MZR have remained below it throughout their evolution.

Abstract

The physical origin of the scatter in the relation between galaxy stellar mass and the metallicity of the interstellar medium, i.e. the Mass-Metallicity Relation (MZR), reflects the relative importance of key processes in galaxy evolution. The \eagle cosmological hydrodynamical simulation is used to investigate the correlations between the residuals of the MZR and the residuals of the relations between stellar mass and, respectively, specific inflow, outflow and star formation rate as well as the gas fraction for central galaxies. At low redshift, all these residuals are found to be anti-correlated with the residuals of the MZR for $M_\star/\mathrm{M}_\odot \lesssim 10^{10}$. The correlations between the residuals of the MZR and the residuals of the other relations with mass are interrelated, but we find that gas fraction, specific inflow rate and specific outflow rate all have at least some independent influence on the scatter of the MZR. We find that, while for $M_\star/\mathrm{M}_\odot > 10^{10.4}$ the specific mass of the nuclear black hole is most important, for $M_\star/\mathrm{M}_\odot \lesssim 10^{10.3}$ gas fraction and specific inflow rate are the variables that correlate most strongly with the MZR scatter. The timescales involved in the residual correlations and the time that galaxies stay above the MZR are revealed to be a few Gyr. However, most galaxies that are below the MZR at $z=0$ have been below the MZR throughout their lifetimes.