The primary proton spectrum of the hadronic PeVatron candidate HAWC J1825-134

TL;DR

This paper investigates the primary proton spectrum of the PeVatron candidate HAWC J1825-134, analyzing gamma-ray data to determine the spectrum shape and cutoff energies compatible with observations, and combining HAWC and Fermi-LAT data for comprehensive interpretation.

Contribution

It identifies the proton spectral shapes and cutoff energies consistent with gamma-ray observations, highlighting the importance of multi-instrument data in constraining cosmic ray source properties.

Findings

Proton spectra with power-law index ~2.2 and cutoff >500 TeV fit HAWC data.

Harder proton spectra with index ~1.3 and cutoff ~200 TeV are also compatible.

Combined HAWC and Fermi-LAT data favor hard proton spectra with index <1.7.

Abstract

The $\gamma$-ray spectrum of the source HAWC J1825-134 measured with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory extends beyond 200 TeV without any evidence for a steepening or cutoff. There are some indications that the $\gamma$-rays detected with HAWC were produced by cosmic ray protons or nuclei colliding with the ambient gas. Assuming primary protons, we inquire which shape of the primary proton spectrum is compatible with the HAWC measurements. We find that the primary proton spectrum with the power-law shape of $\gamma_{p}$=2.2 and the cutoff energy $E_{c-p} > 500$ TeV describes the data well. However, much harder spectra with $\gamma_{p}$ down to 1.3 and $E_{c-p}$ as low as 200 TeV also do not contradict the HAWC measurements. The former option might be realized if the accelerator is inside or very near to the $\gamma$-ray production zone. The latter option is viable for the case of a cosmic ray source which effectively confines low-energy ($E_{p} < 10$ TeV) accelerated protons. Using publicly-available data of the Fermi-LAT space $\gamma$-ray telescope, we derive upper limits on the intensity of the HAWC J1825-134 source in the 1 GeV -- 1 TeV energy range. We show that the account of these upper limits drastically changes the interpretation: only hard ($\gamma_{p} < 1.7$) spectra describe the combined HAWC and Fermi-LAT datasets well.