Autonomous Vehicle-to-Grid Design for Provision of Frequency Control Ancillary Service and Distribution Voltage Regulation

TL;DR

This paper proposes an autonomous Vehicle-to-Grid system that uses EV batteries to provide frequency control and voltage regulation, integrating transportation and energy management for improved power grid stability.

Contribution

It introduces a novel architecture for autonomous V2G that simultaneously addresses primary frequency control and voltage regulation using a physics-based voltage model.

Findings

Effective in simulations with realistic grid and EV data

Demonstrates feasibility with hardware-in-the-loop testing

Addresses multi-objective ancillary service provision

Abstract

We develop a system-level design for the provision of Ancillary Service (AS) for control of electric power grids by in-vehicle batteries, suitably applied to Electric Vehicles (EVs) operated in a sharing service. An architecture for cooperation between transportation and energy management systems is introduced that enables us to design an autonomous Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for the provision of multi-objective AS: primary frequency control in a transmission grid and voltage amplitude regulation in a distribution grid connected to EVs. The design is based on the ordinary differential equation model of distribution voltage, which has been recently introduced as a new physics-based model, and is utilized in this paper for assessing and regulating the impact of spatiotemporal charging/charging of a large population of EVs to a distribution grid. Effectiveness of the autonomous V2G design is evaluated with numerical simulations of realistic models for transmission and distribution grids with synthetic operation data on EVs in a sharing service. In addition, we present a hardware-in-the-loop test for evaluating its feasibility in a situation where inevitable latency is involved due to power, control, and communication equipments.