Tsallis Statistics in High Energy Physics: Chemical and Thermal Freeze-Outs

TL;DR

This paper applies Tsallis statistics to analyze chemical and thermal freeze-out stages in high-energy proton-proton collisions, revealing weak energy dependence of temperature and radius, and an increasing chemical potential with beam energy.

Contribution

It introduces a two-step fitting procedure incorporating chemical potential into Tsallis distribution, enabling a comprehensive analysis of freeze-out parameters in $pp$ collisions.

Findings

Weak energy dependence of temperature and freeze-out radius.

Chemical potential increases with beam energy.

Simplified description of freeze-out stage across energies.

Abstract

We present an overview of a proposal in relativistic proton-proton ($pp$) collisions emphasizing the thermal or kinetic freeze-out stage in the framework of the Tsallis distribution. In this paper we take into account the chemical potential present in the Tsallis distribution by following a two step procedure. In the first step we used the redundancy present in the variables such as the system temperature, $T$, volume, $V$, Tsallis exponent, $q$, chemical potential, $\mu$, and performed all fits by effectively setting to zero the chemical potential. In the second step the value $q$ is kept fixed at the value determined in the first step. This way the complete set of variables $T, q, V$ and $\mu$ can be determined. The final results show a weak energy dependence in $pp$ collisions at the centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}= 6$ GeV to 13 TeV. The chemical potential $\mu$ at kinetic freeze-out shows an increase with beam energy. This simplifies the description of the thermal freeze-out stage in $pp$ collisions as the values of $T$ and of the freeze-out radius $R$ vary only mildly over a wide range of beam energies.